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Theory has a structure. Its survival and utility depend upon how well its structure adheres to certain basic laws and rules of assembly. One of the most fundamental rules governing the stability of a theory is that there must be a need to both explain the newly observed phenomenon, which does not match currently available theories or models, as well as to extend the precision and scope with which predictions can be made about the aggregates modeled.
In his seminal book, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Thomas Kuhn refers to such a need as the recognition of an anomaly. This recognition by mature practitioners of science has a three-part structure. Second, this violation of expectation causes the commencement of an extended exploration into the area of anomaly. Third, this exploratory behavior ceases when the paradigm theory has been adjusted so that the anomalous has become expected. Such a need has, in fact, existed since the birth of the science of psychology and psychological intervention.
All scientific disciplines during their infancy attempt to unify apparently disconnected behavioral observations. At one time electricity, magnetism, and light were considered to be completely unrelated phenomena in nature. Through the practice of unification, all three apparently disconnected phenomena have come to be seen as different properties of a single aggregate, namely, an electromagnetic field. Unification such as this is the primary objective of science today, the field of psychology being no exception.
Therefore it is our objective to advance a unified theory, aggregating brain, mind, behavior, and information, to significantly increase the scope and precision of psychological research, development, and intervention. The scientist and practitioner both must be able to perceive these elements as different properties of a single aggregate, in order that the science of psychology may advance significantly.
This brings us to our second most important rule in the development of a unified theory. The theoretical scientist must search for the most fundamental level of description possible, a description of behavior that is ubiquitous to all of the elements that make up the aggregate described.
That is, we must describe brain, mind, behavior, and information in terms of a fundamental process that is ever present, that can be found in all of the elements at all times: the common denominator. In What is Life? This ubiquitous property we shall refer to as pattern or order. Entropy, as defined by the second law of thermodynamics, is the degree to which relations between components of any aggregate are mixed up, unsorted, undifferentiated, unpredictable, and random.
Entropy is the tendency of all things to lose pattern, structure, and thus information — to eventually regress to a state of thermodynamic equilibrium, the complete absence of pattern order. Schrodinger coined the term negentropy to describe the degree of ordering, sorting, or predictability in an aggregate.
The most extreme example of this property of counterbalancing entropy by spontaneous pattern formation can be found in the dynamic balance between life and death itself. In the language of thermodynamics, death is the state of maximum entropy between aggregates of a biological system. Maximum entropy is reached when a system of aggregates is in a state of thermal, chemical, and mechanical equilibrium or thermodynamic equilibrium.
When this state is reached, the incorporation of pattern, order, structure, and information is impossible. Just as we consume food in order to maintain our biological stability, we consume information pattern in order to maintain our neurocognitive stability. Section I develops a solid foundation from which a unified theory of psychological intervention can be constructed, by expounding on this ubiquitous property intrinsic to brain, mind, behavior, and information.
We explore the tendency of these aggregates to counterbalance entropy by the incorporation and production of pattern. In this regard, we describe brain, mind, behavior, and information in terms of patternentropy dynamics. We draw from the fields of physics, chemistry, molecular biology, neuroscience, and memetics, which have been highly successful in describing and predicting the dynamics of pattern-making within self-organizing systems.
In this section, the reader will come to appreciate that memory, emotions, perception, behavior, protein production, phobias, trauma, understanding, confusion, ambiguity, meaning, stress, relaxation, boredom, waking, dreaming, rigid mind sets, creative intuition, neural networks, DNA, atoms, and life and death itself reflect and are born from the dynamic counterbalancing of pattern and entropy.
We refer to this property of matter—energy interaction and its emergent phenomena as pattern-entropy dynamics, and the theory as the Standard Theory of PatternEntropy Dynamics. The purpose is to unify the emergent phenomena born out of the interaction between brain, mind, behavior, and information.
With such a foundation in place, the anomalies of psychological science can be adequately explained and incorporated, such that the anomalous become the expected. The necessity of such a visual representation is highlighted by an important historical development in the history of physics. In , Albert Einstein published four original papers on what seemed to be very diverse branches of physics. These papers were so revolutionary in their scope that they became paradigm theories that shifted the way scientists saw the universe.
One of these came to be known as the special theory of relativity. When an emerging scientific theory necessitates a paradigm change, there is always a delay in its wide acceptance, as it takes time for our perceptions of observation and experiment to accommodate to a new organizational structure.
Obviously for a paradigm theory to gain widespread acceptance, it must first be understood. Once Einstein translated his concepts and observations into complex mathematical equations, this made them understandable to a small number of theoretical physicists who were able to translate the equations back into a visualizable model of the relationships among its elements.
To overcome this problem, Minkowski developed a mathematical interpretation for the special theory of relativity in terms of geometry. The complex interaction among aggregates must be represented or representable in visual form.
This translation process not only assists understanding, but also allows an increase in the scope and precision by which the theory can be applied. In Section II, we present NeuroPrint, a visual geometric model of the complex relationships among interacting patterns of brain, mind, behavior, and information. The critical step of geometrizing a unified theory of neurocognitive intervention can only be accomplished through the selection of the most appropriate descriptive tools available.
At certain points along the scientific timeline, new theories required the development of entirely new systems of mathematics, as was necessary when Newton described his laws of motion. Science has significantly advanced since that time and provides many valuable descriptive tools, which require only slight modification as we develop this theory.
The most valuable tools currently available for describing the behavior of patterns formed by any set of aggregates can be found in the field of statistical physics. There are four branches of statistical physics from which we draw tools and vocabulary in order to advance a pictorial method of modeling the neurocognitive topology of a human being and the relationships among brain, mind, behavior, and information.
In this section, we integrate principles from thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, nonequilibrium dynamic systems theory, and synergetics, each of which has been highly successful in predicting the behavior of interacting systems of aggregates. These branches of physics also possess a well-developed conceptual vocabulary, useful in perceiving essential connections between the microscopic and the macroscopic. With these tools we are able to address a plethora of anomalies, including the structure of various psychiatric and other disorders and the range of emotional, behavioral, and cognitive phenomena.
In Section III, we introduce an extended methodology for modeling the aggregates of brain, mind, behavior, and information, to prepare a human being for accelerated skill or knowledge transfer or education.
We further integrate principles of neuroscience and its many branches, as well as cybernetics, control theory, and behavioral engineering.
In greater depth, we also cover several conceptual tools discussed in the previous sections. Additionally, there is detailed discussion about the proper use of, and intricate cognitive neuromechanics behind, numerous tools for influencing and changing cognitive neurodynamics. Deeper exploration increases understanding and, by implication, the precision with which new therapeutic applications are developed.
Theory must always be articulated together with applications to some concrete range of natural phenomena. Sections II and III develop practical applications by isolating the fundamental ingredients of some of the most successful cognitive interventions of the last decade. The Standard Theory of Pattern-Entropy Dynamics draws attention to how each intervention successfully influences the ubiquitous properties of pattern and entropy in order to modify neurocognitive topology, resulting in rapid therapeutic change.
Many of these interventions are formerly recognized by the psychological community under the classification of brief therapy.
In addition to discussing some of the pattern dynamics that are common to hypnotherapy, Neurolinguistic Programming NLP , Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing EMDR , and various approaches to energy psychology, such as Thought Field Therapy TFT , we also suggest some specific guidelines for the effective design and development of future neurocognitive interventions that will be of interest to the scientist, practitioner, and educator.
In Section I, we trace some of the year history of NLP, which helped to advance the field of psychological therapeutic intervention in four important ways: First, the initial developers of NLP — Richard Bandler, John Grinder, and Robert Dilts — observed that internal subjective experience has a structure that varies from person to person. Through prediction and experiment, they found that the structure determined how someone experiences an event currently being incorporated perception or previously incorporated memory from the external environment.
Rather, the meaning of an external event is created by and dependent upon the internal structure and organization of representations made by the nervous system in response to the stimulus pattern.
Thus NLP helped to remove the lid of the great black box which had previously hidden the interface between stimulus and response. In so doing, many anomalies of human thought, emotion, and behavior became the expected. Our scope and precision in predicting human behavior took a leap forward. Second, these developers were among the first to recognize the importance of pattern in describing the structure of subjective experience.
At that time, the ubiquitous and pervasive nature of pattern in the human organism could not be fully realized or appreciated for its great beauty and complexity. Yet the fact that pattern, organization, and structure were somehow important in maintaining mental health was strongly suspected. During the evolution of NLP, however, the notion of pattern was only applied to the specific organization of internal subjective experience and how that pattern of organization might affect thoughts, emotion, behavior, and meaning.
The idea of pattern was still trapped within the very limiting conceptual framework of programs. The notion or metaphor offered at that time was that the human brain is a computer, consisting of a labyrinth of programs waiting to be activated, and that certain stimuli would cause the activation of certain programs. Third, in its later stages of development, NLP was employed to study the process of change.
Although other schools of psychological thought had previously explored change methods, NLP was the first used to observe the intricate structure of change in terms of linguistics, sensory modalities, etc. Last, NLP made a significant step toward a unified theory of psychological intervention by aggregating numerous models, which could be used to solve mental health problems, which were previously resistant to change, by other approaches.
During its early evolution, NLP became a powerful amalgamating force, as it attracted disenchanted proponents of various schools of thought, assimilating parts of their models. Some of these models worked well together and formed greater synergies, while others did not.
Hence, NLP became an impressive aggregation of models without a unified or guiding theory. Unfortunately, as a result of this elaborately loosely connected mosaic, NLP had many fits and starts in its formal development, and has fallen short of successfully articulating a unified theory of intervention.
Yet there is much to be learned from the pieces from which the discipline owes its existence today. By providing a brief history of NLP, we hope to assist the reader in apprehending the essential missing pieces necessary for a complete articulation of a unified theory of intervention. This is the very mechanism of science alluded to earlier. NLP is like the microscope, which extended our ability to see difference in the very small, and in doing so, uncovered many new anomalies that begged the development of a new theory that would make the anomalous predictable.
Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity. New York: E. Kuhn, T. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 3rd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Schrodinger, E. What is Life? With Mind and Matter and Autobiographical Sketches. New York: Cambridge University Press. White, M. Einstein: A Life in Science.
New York: Penguin Books. NLP has provided us with the outer scaffolding of a magnificent skyscraper. By detailing its contributions and its errors, we will develop an understanding of the essential missing pieces necessary for the advancement of a unified theory.
This failure resulted in the surfacing of innumerable anomalies of human behavior, forcing psychology into a state of crisis. When such a crisis occurs, numerous schools of competing thought spontaneously sprout, voraciously arguing their explanatory models to no end.
Each school attempts to explain the anomalies within the context or trap of their own paradigm. One school of thought completely sidestepped the task of explaining internal experience by conducting most of its experiments on animals with less complex neural structures.
That approach was behaviorism Watson, ; Skinner, , which refused to peer into the black box of internal structure, holding that we cannot know scientifically what is going on in there. NLP approached the task of understanding behavior differently. All predictions were tested by constructing experiments with human beings, while building from advancements made by schools of thought that did not.
The origins of NLP are important and we will get to that shortly. While NLP did incorporate many of the tools of behaviorism, the earlier developers noticed that all internal representations were not created equal and that slight differences in the internal representation of an external event initial conditions could potentially result in dramatically different classes of thought, emotion, and resulting adaptive behavior.
NLP had turned on the light in the great black box. A central operating presupposition of NLP is that by changing the internal representation of an event, there is also a change in how that event is thought about, the emotional reactions to the event, the resulting adaptive behavior, and thus the entire meaning of the event as understood by the individual. That is, a change in meaning and resultant behavior can be achieved by rearranging the structure, organization, or pattern of related internal representations.
Thus, a change in the meaning of an event is equivalent to a reorganization of the structure of related internal representation. However, this was not a new notion. Victor E. The main difference between NLP and logotherapy is that NLP provided the conceptual tools with which meaning could be discretely altered. Those tools were found in the very structure, organization, and pattern of internal representation.
By internal representation, we are referring to the fact that events in the external environment are experienced not as they are, but as we are, as our nervous systems are organized to process and respond to those events. Each time we experience a pattern of stimuli available in a stimulus field, we re-present that pattern of stimuli within each of the appropriate sensory areas of our cortex and our association cortices.
Every pattern in a stimulus field, when processed by different nervous systems, will yield significantly different internal representations, and in turn will alter the way future representations are constructed from external stimuli. How and why we develop our model of the world is the subject of later discussion.
In the meantime, here is an example of how internal representation affects thoughts, emotions, meaning, and behavior. Imagine three women, each at home, waiting for their spouses to return from work at their expected times. In each case, on this day, after a great many months of consistency which led to their expectation of time of arrival, each of these three men were now 45 minutes late, and there has been no contact between them and their wives.
Wife no. After listening to 2 hours of infidelity stories, she settled down that evening to watch her favorite weekly sitcom only to again be tortured emotionally when she finds the heroine of the show wrestling with the same problem. Within a short while, she begins to feel, seemingly unwarranted, bursts of anger and jealousy while she fights to suppress visual images of her husband with another woman.
How and why certain information patterns and internal representations emerge victorious under competitive conditions is the subject of memetics, which is discussed more thoroughly in a later chapter. In the meantime, we are just noting the effect of an internal representation on a behavioral response given similar stimulus conditions.
What appears to be bizarre, unwarranted behavior to her unsuspecting husband is completely justifiable when viewed within the context of the newly revealed contents of the black box of subjective experience. Next let us turn our attention to wife no. She is currently in her second marriage. Being previously widowed as a young mother of two, it was difficult for her to fall deeply in love a second time.
Death took her first husband in the shadow of a tragic car accident while driving home from work. In the next few minutes, she internally lived the death of her current husband, the funeral, the search for a job to feed her children, and the emotional pain so familiar to those experienced in the loss of a loved one. Minutes later her husband crosses the threshold only to find one of the most emotionally intense and loving receptions in the history of his marriage.
She had some coffee with friends earlier in the day, went food shopping, helped her children with their homework, and ended their day with a few special bedtime stories. The few times that her husband was late in the past, he was stuck late at work trying to close a deal. Minutes later when her husband arrived, they kissed and hugged, sat down for dinner over candlelight and classical music, business as usual.
These examples illustrate how internal representations — our individual models of the world — can radically alter the effect of stimuli on our thoughts, emotions, behavior, and the very meaning we place on stimulus patterns — events in the stimulus field. While a subject may pay conscious attention to only one sensory system representation of an event at any given time, the entire 4-tuple is available to consciousness when attention is shifted.
Seamlessly connected 4-tuples, called strategies, are among the cognitive building blocks that create our ongoing perception of continuous experience. Each 4-tuple represents simultaneously accessed sensory information, punctuated by time. The concept of frame was proposed by American philosopher Marvin Minsky and deployed by some psycholinguists in the early s.
According to Minsky, a frame is an important type of schema, a cluster of common ideas about some domain of experience activated in processing texts and utterances to form textual words. Minsky referred to this as a framework for representing knowledge Bothamley, Early on, the NLP founders began to realize that the meaning of any event was dependent upon the frame in which it was re-presented internally, and that altering the frame or cluster of ideas currently related would change the meaning of that event and the resulting adaptive behavior.
Although two types of reframing were demarcated by NLP — context and content reframing — the distinctions separating them tend to blur. Restating the theory in other terms, the meaning of a stimulus is dependent upon the stimulus field in which it is presented, whether external or internal. Thus by changing the context in which something is represented, its meaning and our response to it also change.
This was the first explicit conceptual tool developed from the work of Frankl. The following example illustrates how this may work. There was a midwestern farmer who purchased a horse for his year-old grandson. His grandson loved the horse and rode it daily until one night when it escaped from its stable.
The next-door neighbors came by to console the heart-broken boy. The boy was overjoyed. However, the stallion threw the boy and the harsh landing broke his leg. The example is really a story about the shifting of contexts in which the events are perceived, also referred to as framing.
The cluster of events considered in the frame continued to grow as the story developed. Each addition of a new event or stimulus had the potential of changing the meaning, and effectively did so, for the neighbors. As the frame expanded, the meaning of the events contained within oscillated back and forth between tragic and fortunate.
The early developers of NLP realized that many of the clients that they saw therapeutically had this in common. As in the case of the neighbors, the stimulus field by itself seemed to control the meaning of the event, the person having no active part. The grandfather, however, took an active role in the meaning-making process. By suspending immediate judgment, he could decide the meaning he placed on the cluster of events by opening or closing the size of the frame.
Drawing additionally on the work of Bateson , reframing became an explicit tool for emotional and behavioral change by the early s Bandler and Grinder, Context can be thought of as pattern in space and through time: spatial context and temporal context. For example, let us say that in a family therapy session, the parents vehemently complain about the stubbornness of their year-old daughter. She has too much of a mind of her own. As noted, our behavior is not a response to reality itself, but rather to the internal model we have constructed, which is a mere representation of the external world.
Each time we alter our internal map, we also alter our emotional and behavioral responses. One of these models was cybernetics control theory. In his landmark book, Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, Norbert Wiener shook the very foundations of our collective model of the world by introducing a paradigm theory capable of predicting certain classes of human behavior which formerly appeared random and structureless. Wiener was one of the first pioneers of self-organizing systems theory.
He made the first extensive study of the effect of feedback and information on self-organizing systems, applying cybernetics to psychopathology and the study of brain wave patterns.
Contrary to much of the early work of Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov, who spent his lifetime investigating stimulus—response relationships, Wiener introduced the idea that the internal organization of the black box could have dramatic effects on the stimulus—response relationship. Wiener had advanced a theory, which later gave birth to a conceptual tool that extended the scope and precision of the investigation of human behavior. This was the first serious attempt at describing human behavior as a dynamic system, a predecessor to dynamical systems theory.
These tools of description were formerly known only to the field of statistical physics. Within this field theory of the origin of adaptation, Ashby also introduced the idea of a statedetermined system, a system whose behaviors are state-dependent.
Later Ernest Rossi expanded this idea and led to the notion that all human learning, memory, and behavior are state-dependent or state-determined, formally notated as SDLMB. This was a monumental hypothesis, which explained many anomalies of human memory and behavior and formed the guiding theory for the development and application of the NLP tool known as anchoring, the application of various stimuli to elicit and utilize internal states for intervention.
With the publication of An Introduction to Cybernetics, Ashby contributed further to the development of cybernetics and eventually NLP. Here Ashby outlined the hypothesis that change in any system of aggregates, human or otherwise, must be preceded by the disturbance of a stable state in which the system exists, and that this disturbance will, if sufficiently profound, initiate a transformation from the existing state to a new one defined by the phase-space.
This hypothesis led to one of the most important and least understood conceptual tools incorporated by NLP, referred to as pattern interruption Dilts et al.
Although they used different semantic environments to articulate the importance of pattern, both Ashby and Schrodinger elucidated the inseparable relationship between pattern and information, that the loss of pattern is the loss of information with a resultant increase in noise, disorder, and entropy. It is difficult to separate the study of structure, pattern, and change. Although NLP included many of its early operating principles and presupposition from cybernetics and control theory, the first formal tools for modeling the structure of internal subjective human experience came from later contributors to cybernetics, who further investigated adaptive behavior, through the paradigm theory of cybernetics.
In Plans and the Structure of Behavior, Miller et al. With this tool in hand, NLP made great advances in our understanding and modeling of subjective human experience. Once incorporated by NLP, plans were referred to as strategies. A strategy can be thought of as a series of states a system moves through in order to affect an outcome — a behavioral trajectory.
It stands for the notion that a behavior is only initiated by an organism when a test performed in one of its control systems sends a feedback signal called an error condition. Directionalized Ambiguity. Directionalized Ambiguity quantity. Full color pdf of the manual with supplements. And Much, Much More!!! Related products.
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